The Use of Computers In Psychological Diagnosis Term Paper

The Use of Computers In Psychological Diagnosis - Term Paper Example Psychology has a lot of dimensions and there are different types of psychology present. This paper discusses the use of computers in the abnormal psychology. Abnormal psychology The term abnormal psychology can be defined as a branch or type of psychology that studies the behavior patterns of humans that are unusual, the unusual thoughts and emotions that humans possess that may or may not be causing them to be having a mental disorder. The abnormal psychology tends to consist of various reasons for different types of behaviors. The different behaviors observed in the individuals are due to the situations they have undergone and therefore need to undergo a psychological treatment. The medical professionals that come under this category are the psychotherapists, the counselor, and the clinical psychologists that cater towards the unusual and abnormal psychology behavior of the individual (Barlow and Mark, 2004). Intelligence testing The intelligence testing of an individual tends to f ocus upon the level of the functionality of the intellectual aspects of the individual and this is conducted by carrying out various tests for assessing the intelligence level of the individual. There are computerized tests given to the individuals for their intelligence testing and computerized results are obtained for the tests so that an immediate analysis can be given about the intelligence level of the person (Fernald, 2008). All individuals are at different levels of intelligence and according to their level the intelligence tests are conducted for them on computers. Neurobiological diagnosis Schizophrenia is one of the main diseases that are faced by humans and a neurobiological diagnosis is usually conducted for the... The discussion above depicts that computers are highly vital and an essential element in the field of psychology. Abnormal psychology deals with the unusual behaviors of the individuals such as them having fear or having mood disorders like depression and other such factors. Computers play an important role in the treatment of patients of psychological disorder and also it helps towards the maintenance and evaluation of historical records for longer time periods. Computers can store a large amount of data and results that have been obtained for different types of patients and this makes it easy to refer back to any particular case when in time of need. The assessment results obtained can be categorized as valid and reliable as the age of science has advanced drastically and made things to be conducted systematically, efficiently, and effectively. This report makes a conclusion that the use of computers is the assessment procedures of psychology tend to be reliable and have valid assessments to a large extent as everything has been tested before it has been finally implemented for the individuals. Computer technology has advanced to a very large extent and many aspects in the medical informatics as well as in the field of psychology cannot progress further without the use of computers. Computer use is a necessity in the psychological field and with advancement in science it has proves to give reliable and valid results. It has been analyzed by researchers that computer can analyze results in a systematic way and at a sophisticated level as well.

The Determination of an Equilibrium Constant Essay Example for Free

The Determination of an Equilibrium Constant Essay During our experiment, it became clear that there were a variety of errors due to procedure that has culminated in anomalous results producing an inaccurate Kc value. There are two main sources of inaccuracies; systematic errors and equipment errors. The main sources of systematic errors were:  ( i ) The amount of phenolphthalein added to the solutions  ( ii ) The difficulty in judging the exact point of colour change from colourless to pink during the titration. ( iii ) The difference in judging where the bottom of the meniscus is.   The systematic errors are non-quantitative; therefore it is impossible to predict the effect of the errors mathematically. But, due to the repetition of the titration, we are increasing the precision of our results, thereby decreasing the event of an error being produced. Therefore the systematic errors have a relatively insignificant role in our errors.  The experimental errors were a result of the inaccuracies from the equipment:  ( i ) The burette has an inaccuracy of +/-0.05cm3, thus resulting in a cumulative error of 0.1cm3 and the pipette had an error of +/- 0.1cm3. ( ii ) Minor inaccuracy from the 100cm3 standardizing flask.  As the results of the experimental errors produced quantitative errors, it is possible to work out the results in account with the percentage of errors due to the equipment. The calculation has been shown on the analysis sheet. The error due to the burette was (0.05/16.8) x 100 = 0.3%, and the error due to the pipette was (0.1/1) x 100 = 10%. Therefore, the total error due to equipment was 10.3%, ignoring the inaccuracy due to the standardizing flask as it is so small it can be ignored. Another large source have error cannot have been foreseen. We based our experiment on the fact that the solutions we were given were in equilibrium, but we cannot be sure that this is true. Although the solution were left for a week, to make sure that our solutions were in equilibrium, we could leave the solution for a longer period of time to improve the likeliness of an equilibrium being maintained. As my results can prove, the precision was very good as my results were close together, but my value of Kc was almost 30% of the data book value of 4.0 for this reaction. As a class, all the solutions should have produced the same Kc value, therefore having the class averages for all the solutions can allow me to analyse the accuracy of my results in comparison to the other experiments: Kc Averages for experiment:  1. 3.49 no units  2. 1.28 no units  3. 4.11 no units  4. 2.55 no units  The overall average for the Kc is ( 3.49 + 1.28 + 4.11 + 2.55 ) / 4 = 2.86 no units. Therefore, as my result for the Kc was 2.82 (no units), with respect to the class, my results were very accurate. Unfortunately with respect to the actual data book value of 4, my experimental error was off by 30% resulting in a fairly inaccurate real result.

Developing an Eating Disorder Essay -- Eating Disorders Health Psychol

Why is it that people develop eating disorders? There is no simple explanation, and no one answer that applies everyone. There are several types of eating disorders, but the most prevalent in adolescent and young adult females are anorexia nervosa and bulimia (Larocca, 1986). There are six main areas that potentially explain just why it is that people succumb to anorexia and bulimia. These factors are biological, psychological, family, social, cultural, and media (Siegel, Brisman & Weinshel, 2002). One of the factors contributing to the development of anorexia and bulimia is biological. To some extent, it has been proven that temperament can be genetically determined. (Siegel, Brisman & Weinshel, 2002). This can easily be observed if a person looks at two children coming from the same parents and how different from each other they can turn out. â€Å"Biological factors that appear to play a role in the development of bulimia are a predisposition to depression and factors related to having a weight and shape that do not conform to the ideal standards promoted by society. These factors are for the most part due to heredity† (Sherman & Thompson, 1990, p. 63). Also, a person whose parents have a low metabolism and were predisposed to be on the heavy side will likely produce offspring of the same physical kind. This can lead to a daughter having a higher set-point weight than she will be content with, and finding it more difficult to lose weight and be as thin as she would like. Not surprisingly, anything that increases the liklelihood of having a higher weight and decreases the likelihood of being able to lose weight and keep it off should increase the probability of developing an eating disorder (Sherman & Thompson, 199... ... teenage girls showed serious signs of eating disorders† (Siegel, Brisman & Weinshel, 2002). Anorexia and bulimia are two very complicated disorders. Their cause(s) can be ambiguous at times; there is no specific reason that everyone with anorexia or bulimia develops it. There are many contributing factors to possibly explain the onset of one of the disorders. Good news is that years of research has narrowed the causes down somewhat to the six main areas that potentially explain just why it is that people succumb to anorexia or bulimia: biological, psychological, family, social, cultural, and media reasons, and in doing that, families and friends of people with anorexia and bulimia can do their best to get to the root of the problem/cause and give their friend or family member who is suffering hopefully another chance at a healthy, productive, fulfilling life.

Superstition in Huck Finn Essay examples -- essays research papers

Superstitious Times Some say that superstition is an impractical way of looking at life but the characters in Mark Twain’s, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn beg to differ. Examples of superstition are abundant throughout the novel. Allowing characters in a novel to have superstitions makes their lives more realistic and the reading more enjoyable. Huck and Jim’s superstitions cause them grief, help them get through, and sometimes get them into trouble in their lengthy runaway journey. Although both of these characters tend to be quite rational, they quickly become irrational when anything remotely superstitious happens to them. Superstition plays a dual role: it shows that Huck and Jim are child-like in spite of their otherwise extremely mature characters. Second, it serves to foreshadow the plot at several key junctions. For example, spilling salt leads to Pa returning for Huck, and later Jim gets bitten by a rattlesnake after Huck touches a snakeskin with his hands. Superstitions let t he reader feel more connected with the characters in the novel and give the characters more of a human persona that makes the novel incredibly pleasurable. â€Å"Critics argue that superstition is not based on reason, but instead springs from religious feelings that are misdirected or unenlightened, which leads in some cases to rigor in religious opinions or practice, and in other cases to belief in extraordinary events or in charms, omens, and prognostications. Many superstitions can be prompted by misunderstandings of causality or statistics† (Haun). Superstitions take the place of reason, where no other explanation is possible. The explanation that is ultimately accepted is one that’s based on one’s own experiences and travels. In the first chapter, Huck sees a spider crawling up his shoulder, so he flicks it off into the flame of a candle. Before he could get it out, it was already shriveled up. Huck needed no one to tell him that it was a bad sign and would give him bad luck. This whole event scared Huck so he shook his clothes off, and turned in his tracks three times. He then tied a lock of his hair with a thread to keep the witches away. "You do that when you've lost a horseshoe that you've found, instead of nailing it up over the door, but I hadn't ever heard anybody say it was any way to keep of bad luck when you'd killed a spider"(5). This was all too much... ...de up my mind I wouldn’t ever take a-holt of a snake-skin again with my hands, now that I see what had come of it†(52). Eating the head of a poisonous snake to help cure you seems ridiculous because the snakes head is where the venom is, but a superstition is a superstition. Huck would never let Jim know that he had set the snake on Jim’s bed in the first place out of the growing respect Huck had for Jim. As the examples above have shown the characters in this novel rely on superstition to help them understand the world around them which would otherwise be inexplicable. Without these beliefs the characters would be lost in thought of the unknown and would be less able to function in the world. The superstitions that get them through life are not accepted by the established society and are consistent with their status as rebels. The absurdity of their belief system not only makes the characters more human, but also makes them more likeable and funny. In other words the superstition that plays throughout the novel serves multiple functions. It helps the characters negotiate their lives and allows the reader to thoroughly enjoy their adventures and relate to them in a realistic way.

Napoleon’s Foreign and Domestic Achievements

In 1797, Napoleon Bonaparte became first consul after overthrowing the Directory and establishing the Consultate. He had many achievements for France under educational, financial, administrative, legal and religious reforms. However, these achievements are often exaggerated. Napoleon was indeed the ‘heir† of the revolution as he completed much of the work that the revolution had started, such as the creation of a Civil Code and the reforming of the education system. Despite this, he also destroyed much of the revolution†s work. He ignored and betrayed some of the revolution†s beliefs and much of his achievements were incomplete. Napoleon†s achievements in Europe were mainly for his own purposes – he wanted to enhance his prestige and make France a great nation. He appears to have had little interest in helping the European people. Napoleon, although his main achievements centered on areas such as administration, had other remarkable, although minor, achievements in France. He improved the appearance of French cities such as Paris by building bridges and canals and by planting trees at the sides of roads to protect them from the sun. This aided the beauty of Paris as it is today. Napoleon also reformed the tax system, which meant that no one was tax exempt. One particular achievement, which may rank on the same level of importance as the Napoleonic code, but appears to be often overlooked in textbooks, is Napoleon†s founding of a national education system from primary to university. The focus of his attention was secondary schools, of which he opened more. Higher education also became more available in major cities. Napoleon spent more money on education than anything else during his time in power. However, Napoleon was somewhat inefficient in this achievement. The educational system discriminated against females. Napoleon saw education as being â€Å"not suitable† for girls. Female students were to learn the very basics of education – how to read and write, and also how to do traditional female work such as nursing and embroidering. Pupils had little choice over their career – most were forced into a military career. What is considered to be Napoleon†s most significant achievement for France was his establishment of the ‘Napoleonic Code†. This was the codifying of all France†s civil, commercial and criminal law. This marked a trend to centralize and organize power on a national level. This code was successful as it formed the basis of many European legal systems. This ‘code† was requested in many grievances, which were sent to Louis XVI and was demanded by the revolutionaries†. Thus Napoleon appeared to be truly the â€Å"heir of the revolution† as he had so claimed. The code took into account issues that the revolution had stood for, such as equality before the law and freedom of religion. This Civil code also gave equal inheritance to all offspring should a parent die. Marriage became a civil rather than a religious act. Napoleon stopped a proposal for girls to marry at thirteen and for boys to marry at fifteen. Instead, he increased the marital age to eighteen for girls and twenty for boys. The civil code also permitted divorce. On the other hand, according to John Merriman, this was also an incomplete achievement and did not satisfy everyone. Napoleon went against one of the revolution beliefs – equality for women. A woman†s wage went to her husband and she could also not buy any property without her husband†s or male relatives† permission . Women had to be committed to obedience and fidelity to their husbands. Napoleon further betrayed the opinions of most French people by declaring women were † nothing more than machines for producing children†. He also betrayed the revolution by abolishing titles that the revolutionaries had abolished such as Duke or Prince. Although these titles were not heredity as before, it contrasted the aim of ‘equality† in that people were still different in terms of social class. Prior to the French Revolution, France was bankrupt. Napoleon undertook vast financial reforms upon coming to power. The French currency was stabilized and was the most stable in Europe until after World War 1. In 1802, Napoleon was successful in achieving the balancing of the budget in France. Taxes came from reasonable sources – taxes were raised on alcohol and tobacco. The major financial reform was Napoleon†s establishment of the National Bank of France. This improved France†s ability to finance wars without the worry of inflation, which had been a problem for most French governments after 1789. Nevertheless, there was still a financial crisis in 1810. Military spending accounted for around forty to sixty percent of national expenditure, leading to an increase in taxation A further achievement by Napoleon was his reforming of the administrative system in France. The Consulate inherited the Council of State from the revolution. He improved it†s handling of administration and justice issues in France. He used it to help weaken legislative assemblies and ministries. This reform ensured that Ministers were prevented from acquiring their own authority. Local government was practically abolished and prefects were appointed to carry out administration in each French region. Government chose prefects, Mayors and Ministers. The administrative system was Napoleon†s most permanent legacy in France and survived until very recently. The revolution had started moves towards administrative reform, by abolishing institutions such as the ancient parlements. Napoleon†s role was to complete these reforms. Napoleon also helped to put an end to the conflict with the church, which had existed since the period of the Enlightenment. This is viewed as one of the few achievements which was entirely Napoleon†s – for example, work on the Civil code and the reforming of education had been started by the revolution. In 1801, he signed a concordat with the Catholic Church. Catholicism was recognized as the ‘preferred† religion in France, but others were also tolerated. Napoleon was believed to have had a â€Å"profound insight into the importance of religion for the mass of the people†. Through this move, it can be argued again that Napoleon was indeed the ‘heir† of the revolution as he did not change revolutionary reforms such as holding and selling church property and members of the clergy becoming paid servants of the state. Priests and Bishops had still to be elected and the clergy also had to take oaths of allegiance to the French government. Despite this, there was still some conflict with the church in that it was controlled and supervised by the French government, displeasing the Pope. The government was given the â€Å"power of the police† in all matters concerning religion. Under Napoleon, the French economy also improved. France began to export goods, which had been imported before the French revolution. France†s industries improved with her exports of silk and cotton increasing (2). Under Napoleon, France produced more corn, meat, butter and cheese. However, D. G. Wright claims that French economic progress was in fact â€Å"unspectacular† due to France†s â€Å"lack of industrial and commercial innovation compared to Britain†. Communications was another improvement brought by Napoleon. Three canals three ports and three roads were built. The roads helped carriages to travel through the Alps, which had previously taken longer due to heavy snow. These roads made communications between France, Italy and Switzerland easier. Napoleon also had many achievements for Europe as well as for France. Napoleon replaced the old order with a contemporary, modern regime. In 1810, France†s boundaries were extended beyond her modern boundaries. France was almost constantly at war between 1792 and 1814. These Napoleonic wars were supposed to free oppressed individuals throughout Europe. This was true of the wars with Austria and Prussia. France†s boundaries extended when Napoleon went to war against Austria in Italy in 1801, and succeeded in obtaining the north of Italy back in control. Napoleon†s main achievement in Europe was aiding the unification of the German and Italian states. Defeating Austria in 1805 at Austerlitz, and Prussia in 1806 left him free to rearrange the German territory, which these nations lost as a result. Napoleon reorganized the three hundred German states into thirty-nine states and also developed the Confederation of the Rhine, which consisted of sixteen states. After Napoleon†s defeat at Waterloo in 1815, the forty states remained; therefore Napoleon partly achieved the unification of Germany by breaking down medieval boundaries. Napoleon also restored the Cis-Alpine Republic in 1797 and became its president. In 1805, he called it the Kingdom of Italy. Despite this, H Butterfield argues that Napoleon did not really intend to unite the German and Italian states. He believes that these states were ‘open† to control by a foreign nation and that Napoleon seized this opportunity in his bid to make France greater. When Napoleon was defeated, there was a turning back towards the old order. Many of the achievements and changes that Napoleon gave France and Europe disappeared. The Grand Coalition, consisting of Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia, restored the old French monarchy, which had been abolished by the French revolution. Napoleon betrayed France when he escaped from his prison on the Isle of Elba. In 1814, the Coalition had treated France lightly – she was allowed to keep her frontiers of 1792 (including the land she won in conquest) and was not required to pay for the cost of war. There had been constant warfare for twenty – five years and the French people appeared to be restless for peace. However, all peace plans ere ruined when Napoleon returned from Elba and started the battle of Waterloo. In the second treaty of Paris (1815), France was treated much more harshly. Her frontiers were restricted to that of 1790 and she had to pay seven hundred million francs – the cost of war. The German Confederation of thirty-nine states remained, but Germany was still divided, ruled by monarchs and still under Austrian presidency. In addition, despite Napoleon†s attempts to give Italy unification, Italy was recognized as no more than a â€Å"geographical expression†. In conclusion, it is clear that Napoleon did have many achievements, especially with legal and administrative reforms, which remained long after his defeat. Napoleon established laws, which covered all of France, not just different regions, and also gave all French children the opportunity for education. Napoleon improved the appearance of France and brought France back form bankruptcy. Nevertheless, he does not appear to have been seriously concerned with the beliefs of the revolution – he had hoped that by getting involved, he would gain promotion. Therefore, he was more concerned with himself than doing anything for France, Europe and their people. This can be proven in this statement given after his victory over Austria in Italy: â€Å"I realized that I was a superior being and conceived the Ambition of performing great things†. Napoleon†s achievements in Germany and Italy were not for the benefit of these nations, as he himself admitted: † If I conquered other kingdoms, I did so in order that France would be the beneficiary† Napoleon went against the French revolution†s belief in freedom of speech. He reduced and suppressed newspapers in France and the newspapers that remained were threatened or bribed in to supporting him. It has been claimed that â€Å"his genius owes more to propaganda than to deeds†. Napoleon did wish to continue revolutionary reforms. Although it can be argued that he did not continue all of its aims, this was because many of the revolution†s goals and believes were impractical: â€Å"we must see what was real and politically possible in it†s principles, instead of grasping at their speculative and hypothetical side. After 1815,France lost all of the territory she had acquired in the Napoleonic wars. The monarchy was restored in France and Germany and Italy were still not united. Therefore, Many of Napoleon†s achievements did not last. Napoleon was the ‘heir† of the revolution but his achievements are exaggerated because the revolution had already done much of his work for him: â€Å"†¦ he found the work already three-quarters done for him†.

The Main Purpose and Nature of Operational Management

The Main Purpose and Nature of Operational Management Introduction Operations management is an area that deals in managing the processes involved in production and distribution of goods and services. This means that it deals with management of business processes. It can also be defined as the field concerned with managing and directing the physical and technical functions of a firm or organization. The firm or the organization must be relating to development, production, and manufacturing (Weiss Gershon 19).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Main Purpose and Nature of Operational Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Operational management is involved with many activities some of which are product and service management. The product and service management activities include creation of the product, development, production and product distribution. Other activities are purchase inventory control, quality control, storage, logistics and evaluation of processes. T he main purpose of operational management is to ensure that these business processes and activities are carried out efficiently and effectively. Operation management is therefore concerned with the internal processes of a business. However, the nature of how operational management works in an organization depends on the product and services that the organization deals with. Operation management is the centre of all the changes that occur in the world of business. Some of the changes are changes in customer preference, changes in supply network caused by technologies and also changes in the quality of the product to suit the customer (Weiss Gershon 21). Quality control is one of the very crucial activities of an operations management. It should be very effective so that a continuous improvement on the quality is observed. Safe Kids Organization This is an organization that aims in preventing accidental childhood injuries in the United Arab Emirates. The organization is one of the gl obal networks of organizations called Safe kids worldwide. The organization has noted that accidental childhood injuries are the main causes of death in children. Accidental injuries take more children’s lives than diseases, violence or other causes. This mostly affects children of 14 years and below. Most of these injuries are caused by motor vehicle crashes, falls, fire, bicycle accidents and other sporting related accidents. The organization believes that the injuries are preventable. This is possible if safety equipments are used and if the environment the children play is modified. Change of behavior can also help in preventing accidental injuries in children. Safe kids have come up with significant progress in reducing the risk of accidental injury to children. Some of the progresses are provision of more advanced equipment in the hospital. It has also offered education to parents on how to prevent accidental injuries from occurring to the children. Safe kids also advoc ates for laws that protect children. They also provide safety device measures to families who need them.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The organization has brought together health and safety experts, educators, corporations, foundations, government and even volunteers. These people help the organization to effectively achieve its objectives. Matching Operations Management and Safe Kid Organization Operations management has helped Safe kids in achieving its goals. Setting up hospitals which take good care of injured children is one of the goals. The organization is also providing advanced equipments to hospitals which are specialized for children cases. The operations management wants Safe kids’ organization to effect its operation of ensuring that all the kids are safe. That is why, the operation managers are always passing and strengthening child safety l aws and regulations. Such laws make the whole country to take the initiative of ensuring a child safe. It also leads to a responsible country as no one wants to be fined or taken to court for breaking the law. Education to parents and children is also an idea from operations management. Parents are taught on how to prevent children from getting injured. Children are also taught on how they should take care of themselves. The teachings have proven to the parents that prevention is better than cure. Since the accidents are unintentional, they can therefore be prevented. Operating managers of Safe kids have also started conducting research. The research involves visiting different hospitals and collecting data of how many children have visited the hospitals due to injuries. This research will help the managers to know which area needs to be taught about children safety. They are also able to know which hospital need the specialized equipments for children safety. Safety devices are als o provided to some families. Most of the families given the devices are those with many children. Also, families living in a risky environment are provided with these devices. This keeps the children safe, even in the unfriendly surrounding. Some of the lifesaving devices provided are smoke alarms, helmets and safety seats. How Safe Kids Operates Safe Kids operates by teaching parents on how to prevent injuries to their children. This is done in hospitals, church and even in schools, where most parents are gathered. The organization also has experts who move from home to home talking to parents. Parents are taught on how to transport children safely in cars. They should check car seats and booster seats for proper installation. They are asked to first teach them how to ride motor bikes before buying them the bikes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Main Purpose and Nature of Operational Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Le arn More Children are also taught about their safety by the organization. They are taught what they should and should not do when around or in the vehicle. They are also taught on how to walk on the streets, especially when going or leaving the schools. Safe kids programs are ongoing activities which get the members of community involved in child safety initiatives. One of the programs is creating safe environment. It is the work of every member of a community to keep the environment safe. A safe environment must also be clean. Community members can ensure a safe environment by not littering dirt around. This dirt is dangerous to the children as it can make them fall or hurt them. They can also get poisoned, especially young children who go eating anything they come across. Assessments Operations management has always been very effective in every business. Its results are always positive in every business enterprise where products are produced or services are provided. In ou r case Safe Kids organization offers services to the children. Operations management has helped the organization provide the service effectively. The rate of children injury has reduced especially in the United States, where it has reduced from 78% to 30%. There are also very rare cases of children injuries in different hospitals all over the world. Suggestions Introduction of complex and complicated equipments need qualified personnel. The organization should first train some of its employees on how the equipments are operated. This will ensure that the equipment performs its function effectively. The safety devices provided to families should be more advanced such that they can protect a child from getting poisoned. This is because; most of these devices are about physical injury. This will help reduce the poisoning cases. Poisoning is even the most dangerous of all the injuries because it can even kill a child. The number one cause of deaths of children in industrialized countrie s is the unintentional injuries. Therefore, Safe Kids Worldwide should ensure that the more advanced equipments are readily found in those countries. Operational managers of safe kids should send qualified and health experts in the area. Educators are also needed to educate parents and children in industrialized area. Children need to know how they should carry themselves around and while in the industries. Many well equipped health centers need to be established near the industries for emergency cases.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organizations should also promote corporate leadership. This can be achieved through effective and sustainable partnership. Corporate leadership will help in ensuring that the organization’s employees are carrying out their duties effectively. This will lead to a good relationship between the customer and organization. Conclusion There are two main functions of an organization. One is to provide a product or a service and the other function is to sell the product or service. However, Operations management mostly focuses on the first function of providing product or service. Operations management plans and controls all activities necessary for the provision of the firm’s product or service. Since the aspect of Operation management emphasizes on the product or service provision, it has some ways to make this possible. It gives advice on the best techniques and equipment to use to make the goods or provide a service. It emphasizes on work force management, training of emp loyees and measurement of quality assurance. Operational managers who adhere to the above ideas and technologies are able to improve productivity and reduce cost. They are also able to enhance the quality of a good and customer service. An organization is also able to meet the rapidly changing customer needs. Weiss, Howard, and Gershon, Mark. Production and Operations Management. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1999. Print.

Taxation and Lottery for Profligate essays

Taxation and Lottery for Profligate essays The mayor of Profligate is correct in thinking that raising the taxes might exacerbate the city's financial problems, not to mention create new problems, as well. For one thing, the mayor cannot know that the city will make the same amount of money based on previous revenues. Secondly, the mayor knows if taxes go up, consumers are likely to spend less. An increase in sales tax could also result in residents moving out of the city, which would be negative for every segment of the community. For instance, a tax increase would not only burden retail owners and purchasers; it could also cause some retail workers their jobs. Any state tax increase will make an impact on the profits of retailers. Some individuals might lose their jobs and, even worse, retailers operating on marginal profits may be forced to close their businesses. If retailers aren't forced to close, they may still have to lay workers off. These unemployed people are generally people who desperately need jobs just to be able to eat. In addition, those who are laid off tend to spend less money because they have less money. This, in essence, only makes the situation worse. Some argue that raising the sales tax widens the gap between the low and high income. (Schmidt 636) Clearly, raising taxes should be The mayor of Profligate also knows that an additional 7% on top of the taxes that the people are already paying may be too much. He also knows that just because the people voted for it, that does not mean that every single person in the community is in favor of a tax increase. Unbearable taxes result in unhappy voters. Generally, city and state officials who raise taxes are not reelected. In addition, states are limited to how much they can tax. Because of this reason, people and businesses have been known move to a state with less a lower tax rate if their current taxes ...

Policing essays

Policing essays The current treat of terrorism and other dangers to our country is a big concern. September 11 was a big wakeup call to our country as far as security reasons are concern. To me, I feel there had to be a big misunderstanding between our security officials and the president. The threats against our country are huge, but I dont think that combining all police agencies into one national organization would be good for our society. The way our policing is set up today, is perfect. Combining city, state, and federal officials together, will cause major problems and a lot of change to our criminal justice system. All police officials follow different state laws and statutes. Some states deal with certain issues differently than other states such as the death penalty and gun laws. Combining police forces will also affect the way officers do their jobs, because they might be use to a law being a certain way but when they realize things have changed, if effects how they perform. Many things will also be affected, like jurisdiction, training, educating new recruits, and corruption. Many state and federal agencies educate and train officials different. Some agencies like the F.B.I. and the D.E.A. train in secluded areas of the country, and many state and local city policing all train in one area. Training all these agencies in one big organization would cause a lot of problems because the strategies and the knowledge between these agencies are totally different and this would become stressful to a lot of people. A lot of our policing today are setup around jurisdictions and state restrictions. If policing was combined, then there would be no jurisdictions and all policing would respond to the same crime. As it is to day, officers can only respond to calls in their jurisdictions and no where else. There are 21 separate law enforcement agencies in our country and each agency deal with different parts of law enforcement in our society. Ed...

European Empires motives for expansion and colonization in the New Essay

European Empires motives for expansion and colonization in the New World - Essay Example Developments in shipping and navigation technologies, which enabled sailors to move across the wider seas with increased success, together with developments in mathematics, writing, space science and printing, which facilitated advanced knowledge to be distributed, gave Europe the motive to expand across the world. Tensions on the land or territories from the intruding Ottoman Kingdom and the need to acquire new trade mean through the famous markets in Asia – the former routes under Venetian and Ottoman control- accelerated the European motives to explore. A number of sailors attempted moving around the southern parts of African and up beyond India, while other moved across the famous Atlantic Ocean. 1a. Motives for European empires exploration and colonization Advanced technology European gained from trade contact with China, which had created gunpowder, as well as magnetic compass. In addition, from Arabia, European nations acquired the skills of inventing advanced sails. Th ey also invented mobile rudder, which enabled them to steer bigger ships without difficulty. These technological advancements in navigation enabled Europeans to navigate in many areas. European travelers started to utilize the angle of the sun to position their location, enabling them to monitor distances, (Bartlett 34). The renaissance determination spirit accelerated exploration, and curiosity to locate all water means to the East. In addition, in Portugal, the navigator, Henry, funded the Portuguese sailors to explore the Atlantic coastal parts of Africa. He invented a modern lighter ship highly enabled for long distance exploration through the ocean, (Musiker and Reuben 45). This played a fundamental role in accelerating European expansion and maritime business with neighboring regions. Emergence of influential rulers in Europe Since 15th century, European countries aspired to expand their impact via exploration. Influential leaders had extended their control over unruly nations . These leaders created large armies and accumulated large riches through tax collection. Desire for trade and profits City states in Italy had once benefited from shipping products through the Mediterranean Sea, but roads in Asia was terminated by annexation of Constantinople by Turkey in 1453. In addition, the industrialist financial autonomy was developing and people viewed wealth in terms of money. They desired to use those resources to make wealth, (Mommsen 123). Religious enthusiasm Missionaries in European countries such as Portugal and Spain wanted to spread their Christian doctrines. Some missionaries travelled overseas to make more converts, for instance, transform heathens to Christians in their destination areas. Christian missionaries aspired to spread both the superior religion and superior culture in new territories. 1b. Different Colonial transplantations in Maryland, Virginia and Massachusetts Bay The enormous variations in transplantation approaches in Maryland, Vi rginia and Massachusetts, colonies had an immense effect on the initial development and prosperity of these regions. The heroes in these regions were London or Virginia Firms, Massachusetts firms and Lord Baltimore. Each hero experienced unique challenges, and the results are the key consequences of the decided course of action of colonial leadership, (Mommsen and Jaap 52). Virginia territory was ruled by James King 1. The company engaged on a strong colonization move with the aim of exploitation and faster resource return. Jamestown region was poorly chosen, and imperialists experienced diseases and hunger. Experts agree that

Identification and analysis of DNA repair mechanisms that contribute Assignment

Identification and analysis of DNA repair mechanisms that contribute to resistance against nucleoside analogues - Assignment Example For instance of repair pathways are homologous recombination (HR), trans-lesion synthesis (TLS), non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), nucleotide excision repair (NER), base excision repair (BER) and mismatch repair (MMR) (Martin et al., 2010). When there are double-strand breaks in the DNA strands and the replication forks, HR and the NHEJ pathways are at work to repair it. In the case of modified or incorrect basis, which can happen in DNA synthesis, the BER path works to remove them. When there are chemically induced damages to DNA or UV damage, the NER pathway removes the damage. MMR is the pathway repairing deletion, mismatch or insertion mutations that happen in the DNA and TLS pathways makes the polymerases bypass modified bases which can disrupt the replication forks. In other cases, multiple protein pathways take part in maintaining the genetic wholeness in different cell cycles, stopping the aberrant or anomalous cells from dividing. Thus, the daughter cells inherit the correc t genomic information (Martin et al. 2010). There are various mutations are happened at the same time, the repair process misses some of mutations and become part of DNA (Loeb, Loeb 2000). Currently, there are 346 genes, which are associated with the development of cancer and this number keeps increasing. In some cases these genes are mutated only in cancer cells, not in the normal cells. In other cases genes may show increased levels of deregulated. In both cases, the result can be a significant decrease in the effectiveness of the genes, which may lead to change pathways both in the cancer cell and the body itself (Huang, Wallqvist & Covell 2006). This suggests that mutations are very essential part of cancer formation. It is observed that when human cancer is first detected, there are already thousands of different mutations. Also, information that cancer can be passed from one generation to the next, means that some of those mutations are inherited in the genes (Loeb, Loeb 2000) . Cancer is characterised by a high rate of somatic cells cloning themselves. These cells do not go by the normal growth regulation mechanisms acting in a cell. This is why these cells can multiply far more rapidly than a normal cell would. In a similar way, mechanisms controlling apoptosis are also not working normally, which means that the cancerous cell does not die when it should (Evan, Vousden 2001). Most tumours that develop in the human body are substantially heterogeneous. This suggests that many mutations occur in the cancer cells leading to the creation of tumours and to the change in function of normal cells compared to cancerous cells (Loeb Loeb & Anderson 2003. That is why cancer can be seen as a disease, or many diseases, which happen because of genetic abnormalities piling up in the cells (Huang, Wallqvist & Covell 2006). In each generation of cancer cells, significant mutation occurs within different cells, and those that develop mutations that facilitate cancer grow th are selected for, resulting in an increase in the prevalence of these cells. Mutations may be subtle, such as changes in the sequence of nucleotides, or more substantial, involving changes in the chromosomes themselves (Wang et al, 2002). One important factor in the treatment of cancer is that therapeutic killing cancer cells, which make the cancer go into remission, can also make it more resistant to treatment in a similar manner to how some microorganisms can become

Love and Suicide ( Book Love in the time of Cholera) Research Proposal

Love and Suicide ( Book Love in the time of Cholera) - Research Proposal Example This story is one of the most remarkable pieces of literature, that portrays the theme of unrequited love, described by Thomas Pynchon describes as â€Å"one of those few rare works, that can even return our worn souls to us." (The New York Times Book Review) This superficial melodramatic plot is a disguise for a satiric examination of elements of love, ageing and disease. The novelist also explores the issue of suicide and gerent phobia. The process of aging, death and decay forms an important theme in the novel. In a style typical of Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez there is a circular pattern to aging and the author on many occasions observes the reversal of roles of parents and children. The novelist keenly observes the process of aging and brings about the details of its encroachment. The suicide of Jeremiah de Saint-Amour was a result of his fear of old age. He planned to die at the age of sixty because he was not sure that he would be a productive human being at that age. This feeling of being unproductive, prompted him to plan his suicide years ago. Jeremiah Saint-Amours death inspires Urbino to meditate on his own death. He dwells especially on the infirmities that accompany it. On reading the novel, one realizes that the fears of old age were shared by many in his society. Ofelia, Fermina Daza’s daughter does not approve of her mother’s relationship with a man because of her age. She finds the idea of love in the old as ridiculous and revolting Another instance of suicide in the novel is that which is committed by Amà ©rica Vicuà ±ia, the fourteen year old ward of Florentino. She was a blood relative of Florentino who came under his care as a little girl with "the scrapes of elementary school on her knees." He spends a year cultivating her by spending childish afternoons with her and giving her ice-creams. He seduces her and wins her confidence. When Florentino is on the riverboat with Fermina Daza, the heartbroken Amà ©rica Vicuà ±ia commits suicide. Love in the

Mans dark past Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mans dark past - Essay Example This paper explores this literature by focusing on three short stories to determine the significance of literature in illuminating on the shadowy plane of humanity. Good Men Are Hard To Find In â€Å"Good men are hard to find† the author initially portrays a horror story, but in the end it becomes a religious tale in which there is a determination of how good and evil are distinguished. The story is seen through a grandmothers’ point of view, the lead character in the story. She represents the old generation who are religious, and is tormented by the modern world, and thus, hard to please in any way. Every person around her appears to be flawed as she says that they lack respect or just because they are tired of dealing with her high expectations. However, what the grandmother does not realize is that her old judging ways were also flawed, for if she stopped dwelling in the past and opened her eyes to life realities she could have saved the whole family from the misfit. Therefore, the title of the story is the representative of the grandmother’s assertion of then changed society, and this is evident when Red Sam’s wife states; â€Å"It isn’t a soul in this green world of God’s that you can trust†¦ And I don’t count nobody out of that, not anybody, as she is looking at her husband† (O’Connor 370). Therefore, the story has more to just a family going for a vacation away from home, for it contains prefigures that allude to the conclusion of the story. This is depicted in the conversations of characters, especially the grandmother and children’s mother whom have been used as symbols of the old and the new to bring out lessons to the human kind (DiYanni, 322). This show how good and evil has continued to have a never ending battle through the eyes of O’Connor. Greasy lake The second short story â€Å"Greasy Lake† is characterized by rape, death, alcohol and drugs all of which ar e attributes held by the bad boys in the story (Walker, 257). The main character who is the author begins the story by the description and that of his friends as a bad character. This is depicted in the way they dress: â€Å"we wore torn-up leather jackets, slouched around with toothpicks in our mouth, sniffed glue and ether and what somebody claimed was cocaine† (Walker, 250). Therefore, in as much as the narrator has described the greasy lake to be a dangerous place, it is where they chose to spend their days and late nights just to be termed as bad boys (Boyle, 130). However, as it turns out, this lake seems to be a symbol that is used to convey the deterioration of morals in the society. This is because as the narrator says, the current waters of the lake were not the same as in the past, which made the Indians who were the original inhabitants of the place name it Wakan in reference to the clarity of its waters. Therefore, this change of waters from the time of Indians a s clear to murky is a sure enough example to communicate the corruption of the current morals of the societal context. The lake symbolizes the decadence in morals, especially the youth culture. This is a depiction of how man can only look back into his history to derive lessons. This is so because during the time the Native Americans lived there, they took care of the

A Critical Assessment of the Predominant HR Cultural and Institutional Term Paper

A Critical Assessment of the Predominant HR Cultural and Institutional Features in Germany and the UK - Term Paper Example The collective cultural dimensions are what drive either corporatist philosophy or neo-liberal policies. The UK institution is founded on neo-liberal principles which involve more consensus and shared decision-making whilst German institutions follow a more stringent corporatist philosophy. The extent and composition of HR strategies in both countries are strongly influenced by these evolutions that have occurred historically due to changes in society, business, and government. This essay seeks to examine the most critical cultural characteristics within Germany and the UK that influence the development of HR policy. The objective is to provide a critical comparison of both cultures as it relates to institutional philosophy, taking into consideration a variety of mitigating institutional features that predict positive HR performance or conflict using a respected cultural model (such as Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions framework) as a guiding source for HR development. The essay focuses primarily on individualism versus collectivism and the influence of tolerance for power distance in both countries from an institutional perspective to determine their disparate or congruent human resources policies and practices. Culture in the United Kingdom is dominantly individualistic. Individualism is considered a type of cultural characteristic in which the predominant values are ensuring well-being and utility for the self or direct kin in a traditional nuclear family context (Hofstede, Hofstede and Minkov 2010; Hollinshead 2009; Hofstede 2001; Hofstede 1984). Individualists seek opportunities for unique self-expression and, oftentimes, these needs and beliefs manifest themselves in how the individual views their identity within the organization with many inherent demands for recognition for individual accomplishment.     

Mans dark past Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mans dark past - Essay Example This paper explores this literature by focusing on three short stories to determine the significance of literature in illuminating on the shadowy plane of humanity. Good Men Are Hard To Find In â€Å"Good men are hard to find† the author initially portrays a horror story, but in the end it becomes a religious tale in which there is a determination of how good and evil are distinguished. The story is seen through a grandmothers’ point of view, the lead character in the story. She represents the old generation who are religious, and is tormented by the modern world, and thus, hard to please in any way. Every person around her appears to be flawed as she says that they lack respect or just because they are tired of dealing with her high expectations. However, what the grandmother does not realize is that her old judging ways were also flawed, for if she stopped dwelling in the past and opened her eyes to life realities she could have saved the whole family from the misfit. Therefore, the title of the story is the representative of the grandmother’s assertion of then changed society, and this is evident when Red Sam’s wife states; â€Å"It isn’t a soul in this green world of God’s that you can trust†¦ And I don’t count nobody out of that, not anybody, as she is looking at her husband† (O’Connor 370). Therefore, the story has more to just a family going for a vacation away from home, for it contains prefigures that allude to the conclusion of the story. This is depicted in the conversations of characters, especially the grandmother and children’s mother whom have been used as symbols of the old and the new to bring out lessons to the human kind (DiYanni, 322). This show how good and evil has continued to have a never ending battle through the eyes of O’Connor. Greasy lake The second short story â€Å"Greasy Lake† is characterized by rape, death, alcohol and drugs all of which ar e attributes held by the bad boys in the story (Walker, 257). The main character who is the author begins the story by the description and that of his friends as a bad character. This is depicted in the way they dress: â€Å"we wore torn-up leather jackets, slouched around with toothpicks in our mouth, sniffed glue and ether and what somebody claimed was cocaine† (Walker, 250). Therefore, in as much as the narrator has described the greasy lake to be a dangerous place, it is where they chose to spend their days and late nights just to be termed as bad boys (Boyle, 130). However, as it turns out, this lake seems to be a symbol that is used to convey the deterioration of morals in the society. This is because as the narrator says, the current waters of the lake were not the same as in the past, which made the Indians who were the original inhabitants of the place name it Wakan in reference to the clarity of its waters. Therefore, this change of waters from the time of Indians a s clear to murky is a sure enough example to communicate the corruption of the current morals of the societal context. The lake symbolizes the decadence in morals, especially the youth culture. This is a depiction of how man can only look back into his history to derive lessons. This is so because during the time the Native Americans lived there, they took care of the

Hurricane Galveston Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hurricane Galveston - Research Paper Example Had the people been informed earlier by the government, number of lives could be saved. After the massive destruction at the hands of hurricane, it was decided to build a wall admeasuring 15.6 feet above sea level to minimize the chances of destruction in a mass scale. This hurricane played havoc with the city besides inmates. The impressive thing was their determination to overcome the disaster. Case Study If we turn the pages of American history, we find two horrible hurricanes namely Dean and Felix that caused destructions in mass scale in the Central America. It was also noted that two category five hurricanes took place in the same year and on the same day. The southern tip of Baja California witnessed Hurricane Henrietta. The record of National Hurricane Center shows that for the first time Atlantic and Pacific hurricanes made landfall on the same day. A cursor look at the past events indicates such hurricanes that have taken place with greater intensity which badly hampered th e human lives for a considerable period of time. It would not be out of place to mention here that even the Columbus’ fourth voyage in 1502 hit hard by a colossal hurricane. The worst example of hurricane is sunken 20 treasure ships which claimed the lives of five hundred sailors on board in a nearby Spanish fleet. How can we forget the Katrina in 2005, the most devastating hurricane ever seen by the North American in recent history? You may surely consider Great Galveston Hurricane as a contender of 20th century. Galveston, Texas, in 1900 came to surface as a rising business place for the traders around the globe and a major seaport for exporting cotton to other continents in 1900. Comparatively it has the prominence edge over Houston with reference to Texan coast. Number of consulates Embassies, mansions contributed to build image of this city wherein 37,000 people are housed. Before Galveston Hurricane people and the government were not prepared to cope with the expected h urricane. People and the government were not expecting damages of the hurricane in a mass scale which shaken the very foundation of the city. People and the government thought it impossible that the hurricane will knock down at their doors. The geological survey in the late of August and early September found it across the Caribbean Sea, passing through Cuban and the Floridian territories. The inmates were of the view that it would make its roads to the northeast as soon as it is passed the Florida Straits north of Cuba. A common phenomena and a general accepted notion how tropical cyclones were supposed to treat that come in its way. It was not expected by the residents that it would continue travel to the west. The thunder storm which converted into hurricane past, Florida continues its journey to the northwest of Galveston. You may understand the havoc that played by the hurricane with this that it pushed a wall of water which was over 15 feet deep onto the island that, at its hi ghest point, was only 8.7 feet above sea level. The wind lashes were estimated to be Category 4 speeds i.e. 131-155 mph. As per the calculation a 150 mph gust would have a capacity to build pressure of 100 pounds per square foot. The recorded lowest barometric pressure during the storm admeasured 28.44 inches. (NOAA later estimated that the pressure near the storm's eye was probably closer to 27.49 inches.) The 9th September,

A View from the Bridge Essay Essay Example for Free

A View from the Bridge Essay Essay A View From The Bridge’ is a play that was first staged in 1955. It was written by Arthur Miller. Arthur Miller was born into a Jewish family in New York in 1915, whose grandparents had come to America from Poland. When the family business failed, they moved to Brooklyn, where A View from the Bridge is set. There, Miller worked in a warehouse to earn money for his university fees. He began to write plays when he was in university and continued to write them after he graduated and became a journalist. In the play, loyalty dictates the events very strongly as because of Eddies mixed emotions for Catharine he chooses to be more loyal to her than to all of his family. Miller shows the importance of loyalty through Eddie telling Catharine the ‘Vinnie Bolzano’ story. Catharine’s reaction shows the audience that in Italy, family loyalty is the most important thing as Catharine is both shocked and horrified that Vinnie snitched on his own Uncle this is why she shockingly says ‘The kid snitched? Miller uses this as an opportunity to tell the audience that the Italian American community is very loyal, which makes Eddie’s betrayal even more shocking. Because Vinnie snitched on his Uncle he could never show his face in public because every one despised and loathed him this is why Beatrice says ‘I never seen him again’. This also shows that the Italian American Community has a very ‘if you snitch on one of us, you snitch on all of us’ mentality. Another way that Arthur Miller portrays the importance of loyalty in the play is the references Eddie uses to Catharine’s Mother. this quote shows that Eddie tries to use the promise he made to Catharine’s Mother as an excuse for being so strict and this is why he says ‘I promised your Mother on her death bed’. This is why he doesn’t want her working in the dodgy part of town; where as it is because of the emotions he feels toward Catharine and he doesn’t want her to have another male figure in her life who could be more important than he is. One of the most important scenes in the play is the ‘Phone Call’ scene which shows Eddie changing his loyalties from his family and friends, to just Catharine. ‘Give me the number for the immigration bureau’ this shows Eddie doing what Vinnie Bolzano didand snitching on Marco and Rodolpho, he does this because of the mixed and confusing emotions he feels for Catharine. Miller also uses stage  directions in the scene such as ‘A phone booth begins to glow on the opposite side of the stage; a faint, lonely blue’ I think that Miller uses the Lighting on the phone booth to show the audience the conflict going on in Eddie’s head; to loose every thing (his family and friends friendship, love, trust and loyalty) but keep Catharine for himself When the immigration officers arrive at the house, Eddie looses the respect and loyalty from his family. Beatrice realizes what Eddie has done when she says‘My God, what did you do? ’. She is completely shocked and horrified as Eddie was a loyal and family orientated man. Miller uses this quote to show the audience that Beatrice is astounded and aghast that Eddie has chosen Catherine over her, even though she is his wife. Marco is furious with the fact that Eddie has just ruined any chance of him getting an American citizenship, this now means that Marco wouldn’t be able to get a well paid job and support his family back in Italy. This is why he says ‘That one! He killed my children! That one stole the food from my children’ this is because although Eddie hasn’t directly murdered Marco’s family, his actions will lead to Marco getting deported and he wouldn’t be able to give his family money to buy food and they would consequently die. The audience would be shocked by what he is saying as he is insulting Eddie who Miller has made out to be the confused character who although he is doing something terrible he thinks that he is doing it for the right reasons, and the audience would therefore feel sorry for him. Miller uses the loyalty theme to show the weakness of men, Eddie betrays his family and community because of the mixed emotions he feels for Catharine.

Total quality management has not changed but evolved

Total quality management has not changed but evolved TQM is not a new challenge for ST since this approach has been adopted since the early 1990s. This concept remained the primary concern for ST and since then it has not changed but evolved. It has always been a means to achieve Excellence for the entire organisation. TQM is about PEOPLE. It has become the practical way of working at ST; an integrated part of the day-today managerial process, a better way of organizing and doing ones job. At ST, employees have to share the same values of the organisation. ‘People do not come to work with their hands and minds only; they also come with their hearts and emotions. Therefore, to obtain a totally efficient approach, it is essential that everybody in the organization knows and fully adheres to these principles. Georges Auguste Corporate Vice President TQEM In their journal ‘A meta-analysis of the effect of TQM on competitive advantage the authors Eman El Shenawy, Tim Baker and David J. Lemak quoted that ‘Culture is the values, beliefs, and norms that guide behaviour in organizations (Reed et al., 2000, p. 15). Culture is also necessary for providing employee empowerment that guides employees to focus on quality and inspect their own mistakes (Ahire et al., 1996). ST has specifically developed and deployed Training Programs through ST University, at all sites. Empowerment must be based on properly trained employees. Knowledge sharing gives people the right knowledge, helping them making the right decision. What is Total Quality Management? ‘a powerful blend of philosophy and tools to achieve Excellence TQM has been developed over the years in many different contexts and implemented by many companies worldwide. It has evolved. Several countries have promoted this aspect through national quality awards. Studies highlight a very important fact. Organisations which have adopted TQM do perform better than those that have not adopted it. TQM has been defined as ‘the management of the total organization to achieve excellence. It is about management and people, not just about quality. Everyone in an organization is involved in the final product or service to the customer. The evolving path of TQM: towards business excellence and stakeholder value Cristina Mele and Maria Colurcio define TQM as a systemic and global approach based on management by process and continuous improvement of business performances by all human resources in order to satisfy explicit or implicit expectations of customers and other stakeholders (Shiba et al., 1993; Dean and Bowen, 1994; Grant et al., 1994). Over the years, TQM has evolved in sustaining Business Excellence through a framework of best practices. Excellence is the never-ending quest for perfection; going beyond the traditional concept of quality. It is a dynamic and continuous improvement process involving every activity in the organization. This is highlighted by Cristina Mele and Maria Colurcio where they have stated that TQM lead organisations to understand the competitive issues and to continuously change the way in which business is managed according to market changes. El Shenawy, Baker and Lemak have also confirmed this aspect. Research on TQM has generally proven its value to those firms who take its implementation seriously (Hendricks and Singhal, 2001; Lemak et al., 2002). Reed et al. (1996) argue that achieving competitive advantage comes from finding ‘a fit between the proper strategy content and the firms external environment. Reed et al. (2000) defined TQM as a ‘business strategy with regard to process, identifying leadership/top management commitment, employees training and education, teams, and culture as the critical processes. These key processes give the firm a sustained competitive advantage over competitors. STs Guiding Principles Customer satisfaction is the key to competitive success. This can be achieved by listening to customers, by striving to anticipate and fulfil their needs and expectations. Every employee within an organisation must do his/her best to provide world-class Service, Quality, Time to Market and Value. Business integrity is about conducting business with the highest ethical standards, honouring commitments, delivering promises, being loyal and fair, and standing up for what is right. When dealing with People, management has to adapt itself in such a way that it will enhance openness, trust, simplicity and humility. Everyones contribution has to be encouraged and achievements have to be recognized. Gatchalian (1997), affirmed that the competence of an organisation to satisfy the customers lies within its internal customers. Every employee within an organisation shall give his or her contribution and takes his or her responsibilities. A world-class network of sharing best practices will ensure that individual successes can be duplicated elsewhere in the company. TQM will integrate active participation in best-practice sharing in the management evaluation system and introduce awards and non financial incentives to promote the process. Siemens Excellence can be achieved through a continuous challenge for the better. In all aspects of the activities that are carried out, one must strive for excellence, quality, competency and efficiency in being flexible. Innovation and creativity have to be encouraged in every aspect of work activities. Business Excellence is the goal of every modern organization and can be defined as the next step after TQM, for the success of enterprise on the competitive path (Vora, 2002; McAdam et al., 1998). Innovation is what an organization the ‘push from TQM level to business excellence level. It all lies in innovation as it creates value and customer satisfaction. This allows organisations to gain sustainable competitive advantage (Stampacchia et al., 2002. Kanji (1998). Most organisations have affirmed that the strategy of quality is evolving towards a strategy of innovation. Quality has become a basis condition, What has become essential is customer value and satisfaction through innovation. The orientation is towards an innovative perspective is closely linked to the principle of continuous improvement and of customers satisfaction; the base to achieve business excellence. Business excellence represents the present evolving state of the approach for total quality (Kanji, 1998). It refers to some superiority achieved by the organisation towards the market where it operates. It is the achievement of a position of excellence in relation to superior results obtained over competitors on behalf of customers. Excellence has many different aspects linked to TQM: orientation to customer and to results leadership and coherence with objectives management in terms of processes and facts development of partnership learning, continuous improvement and innovation public responsibility For Siemens the fundamental activities in the different operative units of the enterprise in the world are based on the principle of â€Å"excellence in everything we start† aimed to the customers satisfaction and then on concepts of continuous improvement. The following list shows Siemens commitment and mission to business excellence: (1) The firm commitment to business excellence: we will focus on our customer . . . to anticipate and exceed their needs; we will continuously improve . . . our process, products and services toward world class benchmarks; and we will involve every tier . . . in achieving excellence in all we do, and in growing toward their full potential. (2) The firms mission: we will achieve leadership in business excellence by: creating a culture that values all employees, encourages and rewards high performance and   continuous improvement, and fosters teamwork and organizational learning through the involvement, development and empowerment of employees; providing quality products and services that exceed the expectations of customers by pro- actively adapting to an ever changing marketplace; and maintaining a close and strategic partnership with firm worldwide organization and gaining synergy across firm business unit. The key aspects for business excellence on which firms focus their attention: focus on customer and on market; focus on core competences; develop knowledge and capabilities; use of conventional and revolutionary tools and methodologies; continuous improvement; recognize potentiality and exploit it; develop breakthrough systems; and develop value innovations. ‘Total quality is about changing the mental models of management in order to enhance an organisations capability to determine its own future revolutionising managements way of thinking. This change requires more than a one tine shift in thinking; it means a continuous rethinking of the way managers think (Kim, 1990, p. 5). focus on the firm core competencies on key competitive drivers on the use and development of conventional and revolutionary tools and techniques on breakthrough systems on knowledge management Profitability through these activities is the main source of the funds that are needed by the organisation to prosper and grow. Profits are necessary to provide security and future opportunities, It allows the company to meet its other social and business responsibilities. Management Guidelines and Principles @ ST ST promotes three groups of guidelines or principles that have been developed over the years. These have become an integral part of STs culture: The Five TQM Principles Management commitment People empowerment Fact based-decision making Continuous improvement Customer focus The Four TQM Imperatives Never compromise Quality Institutionalize prevention Practice continuous improvement Develop cross-fertilization Management Emphasis Speed: Eliminate delays in all our processes, especially decision-making. Focus: Prioritize, and concentrate on the â€Å"vital few†. Balance: Avoid over-dependence on a narrow range of skills, products, customers, and managers. Consistency: Make sure that our practices are coherent with our values. TQM Guide Since TQM has been implemented by ST, these five TQM principles have been the most important guidelines. Being of equal importance, these can be applied to any aspect of the activities carried out. Customer satisfaction is the number one priority; achieved through continuous improvement and fact based decision-making, involving and empowering people, with the managements support and commitment. Management commitment For TQM to be successful there has to be a prerequisite management commitment, active involvement, leadership and ownership. Management must first understand TQM and be ‘convinced. Their belief and commitment will be reflected through their daily practices. Leadership and top management commitment is the most effective factor. TQM is a change strategy that requires transformational leadership skills (Reed et al., 2000). Top management has a vital role to provide value and satisfaction for customers. Management must provide the necessary resources to accomplish goals and commit to continuous improvement. This is done through implementation of teams, providing training for them, as well as individuals, communicating the values of the organization culture, and providing resources for improvements in process efficiencies (Reed et al., 2000; Wilson and Collier, 2000). Top management is responsible for quality commitment and to co-ordinate resources in order to achieve quality objectives (Zairi and Youssef, 1995a; b; Deming, 1986; Schoenberger, 1994; Scarnati and Scarnati, 2002). â€Å"Leadership in the context of TQM is not about power, authority and control, it is more about empowerment, recognition, coaching and developing others† (Zairi and Youssef, 1995b, p. 38). The role of top management is to guide and direct the organisation to adopt and implement TQM. Top management takes the early decision to adopt any managerial innovations. However, institutional factors have more effect on the long run (Young et al. (2001). Customer focus A primary pre-requisite of TQM is definitely ‘Customer focus, dealing with both internal and external customers. Exceeding customers expectations at the lower possible cost and not quality is the ultimate goal. In order to satisfy the customer, either internal or external, one must understand their expectations through dialog; avoiding creating unrealistic expectations. It is always better to under-promise and over-perform. Like customer focus, supplier partnership also applies to both internal and external suppliers. As a customer, the needs of an organisation must be satisfied. One way to achieve this goal is by working closely with the supplier. Achieving a good supplier partnership requires a proactive effort. To be a good customer, one must help the suppliers become better suppliers. In all investigated enterprises quality is a synonym for customer satisfaction (Edosomwan, 1993; Shiba et al., 1993). Organisations modify their ways to work on the basis of the need to create customer satisfaction and trust strategies (Webster, 1994; Lagrosen, 2001). Nevertheless, there are some very important aspects within customer orientation that one must keep in mind: The need to create value not only for the customer, but with customer; The need to learn about the customer, not only from them; More inter-functional relationships to share knowledge; and More focus on knowledge and capabilities needed to improve customer value. People Empowerment Having all employees contributing the maximum of their discretionary capability is the ultimate goal of employee empowerment. People are motivated when: They understand what is expected from them Goals and measurements are consistent They are given the skills and tools to do the job They are recognized for their contributions They know the score through positive communication They perform with discipline. Empowerment is considered as a powerful motivator as well as a management time-saver; it gives a sense of personal satisfaction and fulfilment. Continuous improvement the purpose of all our activities, the never-ending journey to excellence Continuous improvement is not only important with improving results, but more importantly it must deal with improving capabilities to produce better results. Prevention Continuous improvement is much associated with problem prevention. This can be achieved through root cause analysis by either removing or preventing root causes. Errors are best eliminated through prevention which also helps improving cycle time. Errors can be categorised as either doing things wrong (resulting in rework or defects), or doing wrong things (unnecessary or non-value added activities). All of these will damage Quality through defects, Service through rework and cycle time, and Cost through adding cost without adding value. Cross-fertilization and Knowledge Sharing â€Å"Learning faster than your competitor may be the only sustainable competitive advantage†. Peter Drucker The competitive advantage of individuals, companies and even nations is becoming more dependent on the ability to apply knowledge and to leverage it in a continuous manner. Learning quickly and responding immediately to changing conditions will give a competitive advantage over other organisations No company can successfully practice TQM without becoming a learning organisation. Nowadays, training and knowledge sharing has become even more fundamental for organizations to build their ‘human capital. Employees have to be provided with new techniques and practices necessary to implement TQM successfully. This is also necessary for teaching all the TQM aspects as it requires permanent change in individual behaviours and attitudes (Reed et al., 2000). Roth et al. (1999, p. 950) affirmed: â€Å"the essence of continuous improvement is an ongoing process of knowledge creation with the purpose of over time continually learning and improving, in the sense that the company should be able to learn by experience and thereby produce better products in a more sufficient way.† TQM is essential for the learning processes both at an individual and organizational level. It recognises and emphasises knowledge value and the importance of human resources. A learning organization is characterised by the continuous evolution towards positions of excellence. The enterprise believes that the achievement of the enterprises goals is closely dependent on the employee, in details on their knowledge, on their competencies, on their attitude towards change, on their motivation and their potential. The consciousness of the value of employees becomes an attentive human resources and learning processes management, and skills and capabilities increment. The firms develop several initiatives to foster individual and organizational learning, however, in the following list, we identify some points for improvement: (1) Actions: learning on job; use of new technologies (like internet) to foster individual and team learning; skill planning; human resource empowerment; to plan the improvement of the employees knowledge and skills; quality improvement teams; self-assessment; and to strengthen organizational memory. (2) Points to be improved: wider use of innovative methodologies versus traditional methods of learning; deeper evaluation of what individuals learn (ex-post); higher focus on individual capabilities; higher focus on organization and on organizational knowledge and competences; and right mix between learning on the job and out of the job.

Computer Languages :: essays research papers

Computer Languages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Differences in computer languages is a topic that many people are not familiar with. I was one of those kinds of people before I started researching on this topic. There many different computer languages and each one of them are similar in some ways, but are also different in other ways, such as: program syntax, the format of the language, and the limitations of the language.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most computer programmers start programming in languages such as turbo pascal or one of the various types of basic. Turbo pascal, Basic, and Fortran are some of the oldest computer languages. Many of today's modern languages have been a result of one of these three languages, but are greatly improved. Both turbo pascal and basic are languages that are easy to understand and the syntax is very easy and straightforward. In Basic when printing to the screen you simply type the word 'print', in turbo pascal you would type 'writeln'. These are very simple commands that the computer executes. To execute a line of code in a language such as C, or C++, you would have to type in much more sophisticated lines of code that are much more confusing than the previous two.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The format and layout of the various languages are very diverse between some, and between others are somewhat similar. When programming in Basic the user has to type in line numbers before each new line of code. In an updated version of Basic called QBasic, numbers are optional. Turbo pascal does not allow the user to input numbers, it has preset commands that seperate each part of the program. This is similar to QBasic, but is much more sophisticated. Instead of using the command gosub in Basic, the user would make a procedure call.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another new language is C. C is a spinoff of turbo pascal but is capable of doing more things than turbo. The format and layout are similar, but the syntax is much more complex than turbo is. When C first came out, there were many major flaws in the language so a new version had to be put out, C++. The main addition from C to C++ is the concept of classes and templates. Many other small flaws were fixed when this new version of C came out also.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many of the languages have different limitations on the tasks that they

The Use of Imagery in Refugee Mother and Child by Chinua Achebe :: Refugee Mother and Child Chinua Achebe Essays

Refugee Mother and Child is a poem that seems to be written to arouse response from the reader. The pitiful image of a mother holding the corpse of her son is not only sourcing empathy from the reader but also helps the reader reflect on their own fortunate lives. In fact, Chinua Achebe is a leading writer for African causes, especially for the injustices in the world. The first stanza seems to be written as an introduction to the following stanza. The poet begins by allowing the reader to visualize the – â€Å"Picture of a mother’s tenderness for a son she soon would have to forget.† This immediately conveys the theme of ‘death of a child’ and also helps set the ‘sorrowful’ mood of the poem. The short introduction allows the reader to settle them down and focus more on the tragic scene, thus maximizing the response from the reader. Following the ‘theme’ and ‘mood’ set by the first stanza, the second stanza described the living environment of the â€Å"Refugee Mother and Child† as – â€Å"The air was heavy with odours of diarrhoea of unwashed children with washed-out ribs and dried-up bottoms struggling in laboured steps behind blown empty bellies† The filthy image of the environment that the mother and child lived in is projected through negative connotation. For example, the words ‘odours’ and ‘diarrhoea’ suggests the presence of diseases and sicknesses. This allows the reader to imagine a smelly and filthy place crammed with ill people. The reference to illness, which seems to be a link with the theme of ‘death’, foreshadows the tragic story of the mother and her dead son although it has not been clearly stated that her son is dead. Furthermore, the grotesque image of the setting is strongly reinforced by the mentioning of â€Å"unwashed children with washed out ribs†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Chinua uses the children as a clear symbol of innocence and the unfortunate, as the children has been given birth in places where vital resources such as water and food are lacking. This will naturally allow the reader to reflect on their own fortunate lives and raise awareness of these unfortunate children living in famines. The words ‘laboured steps’ also suggests child labour, linking to real cases in lesser economically countries such as Africa, China and Algeria. As the second stanza continues, the constant reference to death is evident when the poet describes the – â€Å"ghost smile between† the mother’s â€Å"teeth and in her eyes the ghost of a mother’s pride.† The careful choice of the technique, personification, enables the reader to visualize the emptiness of the mother’s smile and spirit, by comparing the nouns ‘smile’ and ‘eyes’ with ‘ghost’, which communicates the idea of death.

Politics In Cyber Space: The Effects Of Cyber Campaigning Essay

Overview   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At the turn of the 21st century, the Internet has placed the world into a massive breakthrough by use of computer-generated communication, as observed by social science experts. In addition, the Internet has also become the central source of information all through out the world.   This has drastically affected the global culture- on people’s attitudes, perspectives, and preferences. In this light, the Internet has drastically affected the political scenario within countries across the world, to the extent that politicians have used the Internet in their political activities. On the other hand, people’s attitudes and preferences towards politically-related matters—preferred candidates, political way of thinking, etc. — have been influenced by cyber media.  Ã‚   However, the accessibility to cyber technology has also negatively affected the political arena across the world. This paper will discuss these effects.   Leading to the conclusion, as this paper will discuss, is the capability of cyberspace to absorb the manipulative and controllable stream of communication as divergent and convergent for the dealings of man towards his role in society. Rationale What is cyberspace? The cyberspace may be defined as virtual domain that consists of virtual life and virtual society. The virtual dimension of cyberspace counterbalances the factual activities, appearance and circumstance of life and society. The only material form that exists in cyberspace is the physical manipulation of computer-generated data reinvented by man. What does cyberspace predispose? The question on what does cyberspace predispose are needs, interests and benefits. To which, cyberspace becomes the interactive convergence for private and public disposition. It may be defined as a labyrinth to the flow of information and communication.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Using the information technology through the telephone, specifically mobile phones and through the Internet, world-wide communication has become convenient. The digital feature in telephone and Internet communication has gone far from the cable networking of the analog telephony.   The satellite signals are transmitted through cyberspace with accuracy, limited by boundaries of time and space. Hence, cyberspace predisposes interaction and reaction of the physical existence of man in a society. What does cyberspace bring to the society? The so-called virtual world exist a virtual society through intelligent manipulation of man. In which, the virtual society manifest the physical appearance of effects from various material response of people to information. The information as absorbed by the physical world will be processed through intellectual configuration, interpretation and comparison to factual and real-time resemblance. The processed information returns to the cyberspace as Internet and digital communication system is utilized for information sharing and communication.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The cobweb of process as absorbed by the physical world is a continuing cycle within cyberspace. For example, the information that tells the winning potential of a political candidate may get the edge as far as popularity is concerned and the added advantage of earning public support. Measuring the Cyber Power The measure that people and society has achieved is by quantifiable utilization of the Internet through information sharing and communication. The effects are the impacts towards the socio-economic-political structure of society. It influences the physical traits, behaviors, likings and inclination of people. For example, Internet communication through the online messaging system brings the user-to-user a distanced discussion and conclusion. In this case, physical knowledge is motivated. Cyber power may involve various components and uses. The need, interest and benefits are among the parameters that bring relevance to achieve such. This means that people and society are the major stakeholders of such parameters according to conditions and circumstances. Evolution on the uses of Internet   Aside from the practical use of Internet in tallying votes to aid retrieval of election results, the use of online voting have been the most recent innovation which governments, specifically the United States, has been using . However, for third world countries, online voting is still in the process. The trend brought about by cyber politics indicates a new trend in elections.   This is most evident in some western countries wherein their elections depend largely upon the Internet. This has brought about a great increase of the younger voting population- or those who use the Internet more frequently against older members of the population who likewise depend on secondary information from the former. Unfortunately, as observed in cyber discussion rooms, participants were focused more on the personal lives of the candidates rather than the political platform. This attitude of voters may be tracked down from the intriguing aspect of electoral proceeding wherein candidates are known based on their social background. Candidates now spend a part of their campaign funds for Internet campaigning. Political campaigning has veered towards Internet and mobile phone utilization. Within Asia, the Philippines is among the third world countries known to have adverse electoral exercises. The voting population is influenced by the Internet; the proximity of effect to the voting population is tremendous as the cyber information is revealed by the broadcast and television media. Meanwhile, in other developing countries, political candidates rely on two-fold campaign strategies by using cyber campaigns and physical organizing and mobilization of supporters. In cyber campaign strategy, using the Internet for posting their profiles and platform of governance is the usual approach. The additional variation to cyber campaign strategy is featured with a questionnaire and FAQ’s (frequently asked questions) for the voters. With regard to the electoral experience in Asia, a study discloses that the interactive campaign might result a non-beneficial situation to a party and candidates   because of the cost in cyber campaigning (Djupsund, G. And Carlson, T., 2001). In other aspects of cyber campaigns relative to other governmental functions, the facilitation of immigration has found the Internet as the most useful procedure. The online application configures the capacity of work and manning of immigrants. It likewise systematizes the institutional facilities and space that may be occupied by massive influx of physical applicants. The enactment of laws is now also influenced by the Internet. Again, dissemination of information is being channeled to the Internet for public opinion and online ratification. Although this process is a minimal venue for third world economies that still rely to the traditional media outfit of television, broadcast and journal. The potential risks in cyber politics Having democratic process is having political system that permits the citizens to partake in the electoral processes and   knowing the pros and cons of candidates as well as its political agenda, personal beliefs and more so the personality. The election period is like a season wherein the citizens enjoy much the freedom to ventilate the issues concerning the candidates. Acquiring the knowledge and information from the candidates and the political party, the Internet is one of the available sources of the electorates. Over the years, the numbers of political Web sites has dramatically increased to reach the young voters that are the regular user of Internet. In the US, George Bush and Dick Cheney have their georgewbush.com as their maintained Web site. There are Web sites from both opposition and civil society groups that are created to demonstrate political parody and criticism.   This kind of Web sites however does not represent essential purposes but to delight the online public. Hence, it bears negative effect to the candidate because the information might mislead some facts and therefore decreases popularity. Another Web site was also independently created to implicitly express political opposition—to ridicule the candidate’s political stance and private life. To mention, the gwbush.com is a copy cat of the official Web site of President Bush purposely created for political demolition and scandal. In contrast, other Web sites have been created to support the political campaign of candidates. But nearly majority of the Web sites are inclined to be further deceiving than the Web sites with political parodies since more exaggerated showcase covered the true personality of the candidate. .   In effect, these kinds of Web site pose a potential risk that may lead to public confusion and harm the democratic processes bestowed upon to the electorates. The US Experience in cyber campaigning   The cyber power is an expression broadly engaged to the world mainly by scholars who have been fascinated to the extent of analyzing the capacity of using the Internet in political activities. Computer hardware including all types of software comprises the new form of media, is the main tool used in 21st century political fund raising, recruitment of volunteers and organizing political activities. The 2004 Democratic Party nomination of Howard Dean as Presidential slate has greatly used the Internet and brought about relevance to several American political parties. This event has proven that cyber campaigning is a reality. A medical practitioner by profession, Howard Dean emerged his political career from the 1982 Congressional election and won as a Congressman of Vermont.   After two terms of office as a Congressman, Howard Dean run for Vice-Governor and was elected. Subsequently, the death of the incumbent Governor has installed Dean for the gubernatorial seat and served the term of office from 1991 to 2002. He flourished on his political popularity being tagged as fiscal conservative to proportioning the budgetary appropriations of the state. He was also known as a leading advocate for ecological preservation and advancing the rights of the third sex (Open Secrets, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In 2003, the Dean supporters utilized the Internet for making up more of Dean’s popularity. The websites MeetUp.com and MoveOn.org were created for internet circulation of his political platform as well selective articles/political views. The websites has greatly encouraged the voters to participate in the forums; commonly known as Internet blogs, where Dean himself was an active blogger—posting articles and views in the Internet website. The internet blogging has drawn voter’s participation that led to the organizing of â€Å"Dean Defense Forces† (Gibson, R.K., 2004). The MoveOn.org has able to organize two million members that donated money for advertisements opposing the Bush administration and massively engaged in telephone and petition campaigns (Wolf, G., 2004). In addition to highlight the cyber campaigning of Howard Dean for the 2004 US Presidential race, the last quarter of 2003 has earned approximately 500,000 followers and raised a fund of about $7.4 million via Internet solicitations alone (Cone, E., 2003).   However, re-electionist George W. Bush won the election being the lone candidate of his party and has $200 million election funds. It may have been said by political scientists that cyber politics, like in the cyber campaigning of Howard Dean, could have gained the voters who are relying much on the Internet. But somehow, the print, television and broadcast media are more crucial instruments to consistently promote the politician. Cyber campaign and approaches The limited campaign funds and machinery of candidates and its political party have efficiently resorted to adopt ways and means of reaching out their potential voters. Likewise, independent candidates are indulging the same approaches. These approaches are a combination of using the available technology and the traditional ones. The perspective of cyber campaigning is enjoined with the traditional approaches to catching the votes, as follows:  §Ã‚  Ã‚   Telephone Messaging o  Ã‚  Ã‚   The 2004 Australian federal election massively used electronic phone messaging that bombarded phone calls to 17,  500 voters with pre-recorded campaign messages authorized by the divisional office of   Canberra Liberals (Onselen P.V., and Errington W., 2004).  §Ã‚  Ã‚   Internet use A post election study in Australia cited that 49.3% of voters rely on the Internet to search for information relevant to political issues, but only 10% reported looking for information on the election updates (Bean, C., Gow, D. and McAllister, I. 2001). o  Ã‚   Campaigning through the Internet shows that it is an electioneering tool that is less needing investment on money and people (Gibson, R., 2004). Internet is an efficient communication channel with lesser cost affordable by independent candidate and minority party that are sometime being isolated by the print and television media groups. And also able to distribute uncensored information to the voters. Electronic mail (e-mail) is also useful to immediately distribute the information to targeted voters and campaign activities to organizers/supporters.  §Ã‚  Ã‚   Advertising Media reports claimed that the major parties spent more than ever on mass-media advertising and direct mail. Direct mailing Direct mailing is still the traditional approach to reach the marginalized voters in which the unavailability, inaccessibility and incapability of Internet knowledge are the main barrier. Some Significant Findings What is more significant is the primary purpose of politicians to utilize the Internet as a trendy political wardrobe—a packaging that may fit in to the taste of the voting populace in the cyber age. In which cyber campaigning through the Internet is added to the political machinery that offers a one-stop-shop convenience for the voters to check on a particular candidate and for the candidate to feature the entire information essential to enhance the popularity. A study conducted, by the â€Å"Bivings Group† (2006), on the 2006 US election has claimed progressive increase of political candidates from 55% in 2002 to 97% in 2006. Mostly, the website owners are political personalities prospecting the Senatorial seat. It can be assessed from the study that although with the progressive increase of the politicians in using the Internet, the availing of the websites are limited only to posting their profiles and fund solicitations. Following are data cited from the study (Bivings Group, 2006): 23% engages in blogging (posting of articles/personal views); 15% uses Spanish language transcription; 5% maintain multi-media; In-between 90% and 93% has complete biographies. Cyber campaigning does not only represent the US but evolved in different parts of the world. Roh Moo-hyun successfully won the 2002 Presidential election in South Korea by disseminating email in the Internet and created a political fan club website called â€Å"Nasomo† that included mobile phone networking (Thompson, N., 2003). In the Philippines, the toppling down of the Estrada Administration in 2001 that installed Gloria Macapagal Arroyo as successor for presidency was much related to cyber campaigning. Political websites were created by various opposition groups and mobile phone campaigns using the Short Messaging System (text messaging) have massively encouraged people’s assembly that brought about an approximately one million Filipinos rallied at EDSA and known as the People Power II (Thompson, N., 2003). Likewise, the 2006 presidential re-election of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo have used the internet and mobile phones network for campaigning. In related finding, it was found that political parties in other European and Asian countries with parliamentary system of government are the common users of Internet websites for campaigning in which the popularity of the candidate is inherent to the political party’s capability to endorse and make the winning potentials of its candidate (Danyi, E., and Galacz, A., 2005). The significance of Internet on the claim as becoming appropriate, necessary and being adopted as a new age technology of the politicians may be interpreted as follows: Accessing the Internet would avoid media scrutiny that may be more intriguing, inexpressive and expensive. The use of Internet in political endorsement of candidates would always gain a win-win position to assert, deal with and assimilate in the democratic point of view of public Internet users through blogging. A wide array of multi-media tools in the Internet websites offers a preferential option for the candidate to use. The chat rooms can be created anytime for a particular topic of discussions wherein the candidate can assess the pulse rate of winning potentials; chance for soliciting public opinion to enhance political platform and strategies. Web designing is much cost-efficient and benefiting than the TV, broadcast and print media. Website maintenance efficiently innovate various promotional coverage, advertisement and designs. The website can be accessed through mobile phones of mostly young voters. The Website is lasting and continuously useful to maintain the politician’s campaign cycle. The Internet is affordable by both minority and majority parties. However, some considerations are being laid down in cyber campaigning on the economic status of the country. Unlike the European Union and the US, the developing countries in Asia, Africa and the Middle East retains the barrier in cyber campaigning. Obviously the main reason behind the barrier is the incapability of the majority of voters to avail individual acquisition of computers, Internet access and the knowledge itself to using computer. In this regard, the mobile phones are the limited source of Internet-generated information as also depending on the mobile phone models. Another consideration is the voter attitude towards an interest to access the Internet websites of politicians. In this case, the traditional approaches of politicians to earning popularity are still complemented with their personal appearances in TV and radio programs as well as print media coverage. It may be positively stated that cyber campaigning then evolves within powerful countries that has capable and responsive voting population. Notably, the Japanese politicians were the first to access cyber campaigning in 1995 and initially adopted by the US at the 1996 campaigning in the Web political advertisements and publicity (Frisk, A., 1999).    Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The cyberspace is a formidable domain where virtual and physical worlds meet. The  Ã‚   realities happen between time and space, as continuing exploits to science and technology converge. This conclusion addresses the manifestation of decadent culture to the overflowing commercialization of technology as the third world societies are vulnerable to the interest of the few. The clamor of the third world countries to the fervor of globalization has turned the tides of cyber power and uncontrolled political agenda as the economy is plundered from behind of the cyber politics.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The politics in cyberspace is the new age technology known to the interaction of man in his society, as politicians invest his wealth. Known to many that cyber campaigning is an expensive framework to win a candidacy; the effect is much crucial when politician amassed the vote as well as recuperate the election expense from the coffer of national economy. The manipulation in cyber campaigning that is carried out in the political race is perceived as enduring at the term of office.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In other perspectives of politics in cyberspace, the cyber campaigning in aspects of fostering goodwill, economic cooperation, cultural exchange and political-diplomatic relationship among nations for human security are essential attributes. Assessing the pessimistic and constructive conclusion, politics in cyberspace retains a multi-faceted democratic power of people, in which the human intellect represents. The global proliferation of the Internet must be complemented with and requires critical understanding. The critical understanding in the use of Internet, most especially in the third world economies, must surface at the required and immediate need of people. This understanding must be focused at improving the economic resources of a country and the values of people. Likewise, the global proliferation of the Internet may be used as an instrument for constant disparity based on the social, economic and political condition of people and country. Although the fundamental concern is to enhance the delivery of basic services to the indigent, a conflicting outcome may possibly transpire the gap of selectiveness, cultural homogeneity of culture, and fracture of societal unity and customary understanding. Thus, this might be a basic social issue that be given significance in the social perspective. A synergy of initiatives between governmental and non-governmental organizations should be created as a means of expanding the social awareness of the public users that may promote sustainable development education approaches for better understanding, consciousness and responsibility in the use of Internet. In effect, a more responsive and participative people shall impart in the empowerment of governance and socio-economic-political stability. 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